diff --git a/packages/core/src/bridge/packet-pipeline.ts b/packages/core/src/bridge/packet-pipeline.ts
index 19654a08..f6df7002 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/bridge/packet-pipeline.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/bridge/packet-pipeline.ts
@@ -21,10 +21,23 @@ import type { QQEventVariant } from './events';
 import type { IdentityService } from './identity-service';
 import type { BridgeEventBus } from './event-bus';
 import { createLogger, type Logger } from '../utils/logger';
+import { formatEvent } from '../utils/event-format';
 
 const moduleLog = createLogger('Bridge');
 const moduleEventLog = createLogger('Event');
 
+// Notice kinds that get logged as a warning (operationally important
+// state changes that an operator probably wants to see at default
+// info level). Everything else falls through to info.
+const WARN_EVENT_KINDS = new Set([
+  'group_recall',
+  'friend_recall',
+  'group_member_leave',
+  'group_mute',
+  'friend_request',
+  'group_invite',
+]);
+
 type GroupMemberIdentityEvent = Extract<QQEventVariant, { kind: 'group_member_join' | 'group_member_leave' }>;
 
 export type CmdParser = (pkt: PacketInfo, identity: IdentityService) => QQEventVariant[];
@@ -81,7 +94,7 @@ export class IncomingPacketPipeline {
             });
           } else {
             this.handleSideEffects(event);
-            printEvent(this.eventLog, event);
+            printEvent(this.eventLog, this.deps.identity, event);
             this.emit(event);
           }
         }
@@ -239,50 +252,16 @@ export class IncomingPacketPipeline {
   }
 }
 
-function formatEventUser(uin: number, uid?: string): string {
-  if (uin > 0) return String(uin);
-  return uid || '未知用户';
-}
-
-function printEvent(log: Logger, event: QQEventVariant): void {
-  switch (event.kind) {
-    case 'group_message':
-    case 'friend_message':
-    case 'temp_message':
-      // Message logging is handled by OneBot layer with message ID
-      break;
-    case 'group_recall':
-      log.warn('群撤回 %d | %d 被 %d 撤回', event.groupId, event.authorUin, event.operatorUin);
-      break;
-    case 'friend_recall':
-      log.warn('私聊撤回 %d 撤回了消息', event.userUin);
-      break;
-    case 'group_member_join':
-      log.info('入群 %s 加入 %d', formatEventUser(event.userUin, event.userUid), event.groupId);
-      break;
-    case 'group_member_leave':
-      log.warn('退群 %s %s %d', formatEventUser(event.userUin, event.userUid), event.isKick ? '被踢出' : '退出', event.groupId);
-      break;
-    case 'group_mute':
-      log.warn('禁言 %d | %d %d秒', event.groupId, event.userUin, event.duration);
-      break;
-    case 'group_admin':
-      log.info('管理 %d | %d %s管理员', event.groupId, event.userUin, event.set ? '+' : '-');
-      break;
-    case 'friend_poke':
-      log.info('戳一戳 %d -> %d', event.userUin, event.targetUin);
-      break;
-    case 'group_poke':
-      log.info('群戳 %d | %d -> %d', event.groupId, event.userUin, event.targetUin);
-      break;
-    case 'friend_request':
-      log.warn('好友请求 %d: %s', event.fromUin, event.message);
-      break;
-    case 'group_invite':
-      log.warn('群邀请 %d -> 群%d', event.fromUin, event.groupId);
-      break;
-    case 'group_essence':
-      log.info('精华 %d | %s精华', event.groupId, event.set ? '+' : '-');
-      break;
+function printEvent(log: Logger, identity: IdentityService, event: QQEventVariant): void {
+  // Message-class events (group/friend/temp message) get rendered by the
+  // OneBot layer's logReceivedMessage — its output already includes the
+  // assigned message ID, which the raw packet doesn't have. Returning
+  // null here is the formatter's signal to skip.
+  const message = formatEvent(identity, event);
+  if (!message) return;
+  if (WARN_EVENT_KINDS.has(event.kind)) {
+    log.warn('%s', message);
+  } else {
+    log.info('%s', message);
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/core/src/onebot/instance.ts b/packages/core/src/onebot/instance.ts
index 1e42cfab..1d2cefcc 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/onebot/instance.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/onebot/instance.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { RKeyCache } from './instance-rkey';
 import { buildApiContext, type OneBotInstanceContext } from './instance-context';
 import { registerEventPipeline } from './event-pipeline';
 import { GROUP_MESSAGE_EVENT, PRIVATE_MESSAGE_EVENT, hashMessageIdInt32 } from './message-id';
-import type { JsonObject, MessageMeta, OneBotConfig, NetworkBase } from './types';
+import type { JsonObject, JsonValue, MessageMeta, OneBotConfig, NetworkBase } from './types';
 import {
   OneBotNetworkManager,
   WsServerAdapter,
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
   type NetworkAdapterContext,
 } from './network';
 import { createLogger, type Logger } from '../utils/logger';
+import { formatGroup, formatMessageSegments, formatReply, formatUser } from '../utils/event-format';
 
 const moduleLog = createLogger('Event');
 
@@ -239,56 +240,56 @@ export class OneBotInstance {
 
     const messageId = toInt(event.message_id);
     const isGroup = event.message_type === 'group';
-    
-    // Build message preview
-    const parts: string[] = [];
+    const idStr = `ID:${messageId}`;
+    const selfTag = isSelf ? '[自身] ' : '';
+    const identity = this.bridge.identity;
+
+    // Walk the segment array once: render via the shared formatter for
+    // non-reply segments, and resolve `reply` segments through the
+    // message store so the chain reference becomes legible
+    // ("[回复 <user>: <body>...]" instead of "[回复:1234567890]").
+    const renderedParts: string[] = [];
     const message = event.message;
-    
     if (Array.isArray(message)) {
       for (const seg of message) {
         if (typeof seg !== 'object' || seg === null || Array.isArray(seg)) continue;
-        const type = String(seg.type ?? '');
-        const data: Record<string, unknown> = (
-          typeof seg.data === 'object' && seg.data !== null && !Array.isArray(seg.data)
-        ) ? seg.data : {};
-
-        if (type === 'text' && data.text) {
-          const text = String(data.text);
-          const preview = text.length > 50 ? text.substring(0, 50) + '...' : text;
-          parts.push(preview);
-        } else if (type === 'image') {
-          parts.push('[图片]');
-        } else if (type === 'face') {
-          parts.push('[表情]');
-        } else if (type === 'at') {
-          parts.push(`@${data.qq || ''}`);
-        } else if (type === 'reply') {
-          parts.push(`[回复:${data.id || ''}]`);
-        } else if (type === 'record') {
-          parts.push('[语音]');
-        } else if (type === 'video') {
-          parts.push('[视频]');
+        const type = String((seg as JsonObject).type ?? '');
+        const data = (typeof (seg as JsonObject).data === 'object' && (seg as JsonObject).data !== null && !Array.isArray((seg as JsonObject).data))
+          ? (seg as JsonObject).data as Record<string, unknown>
+          : {};
+        if (type === 'reply') {
+          const replyId = toInt(data.id);
+          renderedParts.push(formatReply(this.messageStore, identity, replyId));
         } else {
-          parts.push(`[${type}]`);
+          renderedParts.push(formatMessageSegments([seg as JsonValue]));
         }
       }
+    } else if (typeof message === 'string') {
+      renderedParts.push(formatMessageSegments(message));
     }
-    
-    const content = parts.join(' ').trim() || '[空消息]';
-    const idStr = `ID:${messageId}`;
-    const selfTag = isSelf ? '[自身] ' : '';
-    
+    const content = renderedParts.join(' ').trim() || '[空消息]';
+
     if (isGroup) {
       const groupId = toInt(event.group_id);
       const userId = toInt(event.user_id);
-      const sender = event.sender as any;
-      const nickname = sender?.card || sender?.nickname || String(userId);
-      this.log.success(`${selfTag}群 ${groupId} | ${nickname}(${userId}): ${idStr} ${content}`);
+      const sender = (typeof event.sender === 'object' && event.sender !== null && !Array.isArray(event.sender))
+        ? event.sender as JsonObject
+        : {};
+      const nicknameFromEvent = (sender.card as string) || (sender.nickname as string) || '';
+      const userPart = nicknameFromEvent
+        ? `[${nicknameFromEvent}(${userId})]`
+        : formatUser(identity, groupId, userId);
+      this.log.success(`${selfTag}群 ${formatGroup(identity, groupId)} | ${userPart}: ${idStr} ${content}`);
     } else {
       const userId = toInt(event.user_id);
-      const sender = event.sender as any;
-      const nickname = sender?.nickname || String(userId);
-      this.log.success(`${selfTag}私聊 ${nickname}(${userId}): ${idStr} ${content}`);
+      const sender = (typeof event.sender === 'object' && event.sender !== null && !Array.isArray(event.sender))
+        ? event.sender as JsonObject
+        : {};
+      const nicknameFromEvent = (sender.nickname as string) || '';
+      const userPart = nicknameFromEvent
+        ? `[${nicknameFromEvent}(${userId})]`
+        : formatUser(identity, undefined, userId);
+      this.log.success(`${selfTag}私聊 ${userPart}: ${idStr} ${content}`);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/event-format.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/event-format.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffa1aa28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/event-format.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// Identity-aware, one-line readable rendering for log output.
+//
+// Two layers consume this:
+//   - bridge/packet-pipeline.ts → notice events (recall / join / poke / …)
+//   - onebot/instance.ts        → received-message log
+//
+// All formatters are defensive: any field lookup that throws falls
+// back to the raw numeric form, so a malformed event or stale
+// Identity cache never crashes the logger. Cache misses simply
+// degrade to the previous "just print the uin / groupId" output.
+
+import type { IdentityService } from '../bridge/identity-service';
+import type { QQEventVariant } from '../bridge/events';
+import type { MessageStore } from '../onebot/message-store';
+import type { JsonObject, JsonValue } from '../onebot/types';
+
+const MAX_TEXT_PREVIEW = 50;
+const MAX_REPLY_BODY_PREVIEW = 30;
+
+/** "[群名(12345)]" if known, else "12345" (or "0" if missing). */
+export function formatGroup(identity: IdentityService, groupId: number): string {
+  if (!groupId || groupId <= 0) return String(groupId || 0);
+  try {
+    const g = identity.findGroup(groupId);
+    const name = g?.groupName?.trim();
+    return name ? `[${name}(${groupId})]` : String(groupId);
+  } catch {
+    return String(groupId);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * "[card-or-nick(uin)]" when the uin is in the group-member or friend
+ * roster; falls back to the bare uin string. When only a uid is known
+ * (no uin yet) the uid is returned as-is so the line still references
+ * someone — better than logging "0".
+ */
+export function formatUser(
+  identity: IdentityService,
+  groupId: number | undefined,
+  uin: number,
+  uid?: string,
+): string {
+  try {
+    if (!uin || uin <= 0) return uid ? uid : '0';
+    if (groupId !== undefined && groupId > 0) {
+      const member = identity.findGroupMember(groupId, uin);
+      const name = member?.card?.trim() || member?.nickname?.trim();
+      if (name) return `[${name}(${uin})]`;
+    }
+    const friend = identity.findFriend(uin);
+    const fname = friend?.remark?.trim() || friend?.nickname?.trim();
+    if (fname) return `[${fname}(${uin})]`;
+    return String(uin);
+  } catch {
+    return String(uin);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * One-line preview of an OneBot-shape message (array of segments or
+ * raw string). Element rendering matches the existing logReceivedMessage
+ * vocabulary so this is a drop-in replacement, with a few additions
+ * (json / xml / markdown / forward / poke / file).
+ */
+export function formatMessageSegments(message: JsonValue): string {
+  try {
+    if (typeof message === 'string') {
+      return truncate(message, MAX_TEXT_PREVIEW) || '[空消息]';
+    }
+    if (!Array.isArray(message)) return '[空消息]';
+    const parts: string[] = [];
+    for (const seg of message) {
+      if (typeof seg !== 'object' || seg === null || Array.isArray(seg)) continue;
+      const obj = seg as JsonObject;
+      const type = String(obj.type ?? '');
+      const data = (typeof obj.data === 'object' && obj.data !== null && !Array.isArray(obj.data))
+        ? obj.data as Record<string, unknown>
+        : {};
+      parts.push(renderSegment(type, data));
+    }
+    return parts.join(' ').trim() || '[空消息]';
+  } catch {
+    return '[消息渲染异常]';
+  }
+}
+
+function renderSegment(type: string, data: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  switch (type) {
+    case 'text': return truncate(String(data.text ?? ''), MAX_TEXT_PREVIEW);
+    case 'image': return '[图片]';
+    case 'face': return '[表情]';
+    case 'mface': return data.text ? `[${String(data.text)}]` : '[表情]';
+    case 'at': return data.qq === 'all' ? '@全体成员' : `@${data.qq ?? ''}`;
+    case 'reply': return `[回复:${data.id ?? ''}]`;
+    case 'record': return '[语音]';
+    case 'video': return '[视频]';
+    case 'file': return data.file ? `[文件:${truncate(String(data.file), 20)}]` : '[文件]';
+    case 'json': return '[JSON]';
+    case 'xml': return '[XML]';
+    case 'markdown': return '[Markdown]';
+    case 'forward': return '[聊天记录]';
+    case 'poke': return '[戳一戳]';
+    default: return `[${type}]`;
+  }
+}
+
+function truncate(s: string, max: number): string {
+  return s.length > max ? `${s.slice(0, max)}...` : s;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve a `reply` segment's referenced message and return a short
+ * "[回复 user: body...]" string. On miss (older than store retention,
+ * never seen, lookup throws) falls back to "[回复:<id>]" so the chain
+ * reference is at least preserved.
+ *
+ * Deliberately one level deep — we don't recurse into the reply's own
+ * reply. Long chains aren't worth the runtime cost in the hot path,
+ * and a 1-level peek catches 90% of real-world "what's this referring
+ * to" questions.
+ */
+export function formatReply(
+  messageStore: MessageStore,
+  identity: IdentityService,
+  replyId: number,
+): string {
+  try {
+    if (!replyId) return '[回复:0]';
+    const event = messageStore.findEvent(replyId);
+    if (!event) return `[回复:${replyId}]`;
+    const isGroup = event.message_type === 'group';
+    const uin = toIntOrZero(event.user_id);
+    const groupId = isGroup ? toIntOrZero(event.group_id) : undefined;
+
+    // Prefer cache; if cache miss, use the sender fields baked into the
+    // stored event itself (those came from the original receive path
+    // when the roster was warm).
+    let userPart = formatUser(identity, groupId, uin);
+    if (userPart === String(uin) && uin > 0) {
+      const sender = (typeof event.sender === 'object' && event.sender !== null && !Array.isArray(event.sender))
+        ? event.sender as JsonObject
+        : {};
+      const fallback = ((sender.card as string) || (sender.nickname as string) || '').trim();
+      if (fallback) userPart = `[${fallback}(${uin})]`;
+    }
+
+    const body = truncate(formatMessageSegments(event.message as JsonValue), MAX_REPLY_BODY_PREVIEW);
+    return `[回复 ${userPart}: ${body}]`;
+  } catch {
+    return `[回复:${replyId}]`;
+  }
+}
+
+function toIntOrZero(v: unknown): number {
+  if (typeof v === 'number' && Number.isFinite(v)) return v;
+  if (typeof v === 'string') {
+    const n = Number.parseInt(v, 10);
+    return Number.isFinite(n) ? n : 0;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Readable one-line rendering of a notice-class QQEventVariant. Returns
+ * null for kinds the OneBot layer's message log already renders
+ * (group_message / friend_message / temp_message / group_file_upload /
+ * friend_add — those have richer dedicated paths).
+ */
+export function formatEvent(identity: IdentityService, event: QQEventVariant): string | null {
+  try {
+    switch (event.kind) {
+      case 'group_message':
+      case 'friend_message':
+      case 'temp_message':
+      case 'group_file_upload':
+      case 'friend_add':
+        return null;
+      case 'group_recall':
+        return `群撤回 ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)} | ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.authorUin)} 被 ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.operatorUin)} 撤回`;
+      case 'friend_recall':
+        return `私聊撤回 ${formatUser(identity, undefined, event.userUin)} 撤回了消息`;
+      case 'group_member_join':
+        return `入群 ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.userUin, event.userUid)} 加入 ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)}`;
+      case 'group_member_leave':
+        return `退群 ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.userUin, event.userUid)} ${event.isKick ? '被踢出' : '退出'} ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)}`;
+      case 'group_mute':
+        return `禁言 ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)} | ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.userUin)} ${event.duration}秒`;
+      case 'group_admin':
+        return `管理 ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)} | ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.userUin)} ${event.set ? '+' : '-'}管理员`;
+      case 'friend_poke':
+        return `戳一戳 ${formatUser(identity, undefined, event.userUin)} -> ${formatUser(identity, undefined, event.targetUin)}`;
+      case 'group_poke':
+        return `群戳 ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)} | ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.userUin)} -> ${formatUser(identity, event.groupId, event.targetUin)}`;
+      case 'friend_request':
+        return `好友请求 ${formatUser(identity, undefined, event.fromUin)}: ${event.message}`;
+      case 'group_invite':
+        return `群邀请 ${formatUser(identity, undefined, event.fromUin)} -> ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)}`;
+      case 'group_essence':
+        return `精华 ${formatGroup(identity, event.groupId)} | ${event.set ? '+' : '-'}精华`;
+      default:
+        return null;
+    }
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/event-format.test.ts b/packages/core/tests/event-format.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd4400e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/tests/event-format.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Tests for utils/event-format.ts.
+//
+// Each formatter is defensive about cache misses / malformed input —
+// these tests cover both the happy paths (resolves names from
+// Identity / MessageStore) and the degraded paths (falls back to the
+// raw uin / groupId without crashing).
+
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  formatEvent,
+  formatGroup,
+  formatMessageSegments,
+  formatReply,
+  formatUser,
+} from '../src/utils/event-format';
+import type { QQEventVariant } from '../src/bridge/events';
+
+// ─── Test fakes (just the find* surface event-format uses) ───
+
+function fakeIdentity(opts: {
+  groups?: Record<number, { groupName: string }>;
+  members?: Record<string, { uin: number; card?: string; nickname?: string }>;
+  friends?: Record<number, { uin: number; nickname?: string; remark?: string }>;
+} = {}): any {
+  return {
+    findGroup: (gid: number) => opts.groups?.[gid] ?? null,
+    findGroupMember: (gid: number, uin: number) => opts.members?.[`${gid}/${uin}`] ?? null,
+    findFriend: (uin: number) => opts.friends?.[uin] ?? null,
+  };
+}
+
+function fakeMessageStore(events: Record<number, Record<string, unknown>>): any {
+  return {
+    findEvent: (id: number) => events[id] ?? null,
+  };
+}
+
+describe('formatGroup', () => {
+  it('renders [groupName(id)] when the group is in cache', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity({ groups: { 123: { groupName: 'TestGroup' } } });
+    expect(formatGroup(id, 123)).toBe('[TestGroup(123)]');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to bare id on cache miss', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatGroup(id, 123)).toBe('123');
+  });
+
+  it('handles 0 / missing group id without crashing', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatGroup(id, 0)).toBe('0');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to bare id if findGroup throws', () => {
+    const id = { findGroup: () => { throw new Error('db dead'); } } as any;
+    expect(formatGroup(id, 123)).toBe('123');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('formatUser', () => {
+  it('prefers group-member card over nickname', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity({ members: { '1/100': { uin: 100, card: 'Card', nickname: 'Nick' } } });
+    expect(formatUser(id, 1, 100)).toBe('[Card(100)]');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to nickname when card is empty', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity({ members: { '1/100': { uin: 100, card: '', nickname: 'Nick' } } });
+    expect(formatUser(id, 1, 100)).toBe('[Nick(100)]');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to friend list when not a group member', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity({ friends: { 100: { uin: 100, nickname: 'FriendNick' } } });
+    expect(formatUser(id, undefined, 100)).toBe('[FriendNick(100)]');
+  });
+
+  it('prefers friend remark over nickname', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity({ friends: { 100: { uin: 100, nickname: 'A', remark: 'B' } } });
+    expect(formatUser(id, undefined, 100)).toBe('[B(100)]');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to uin on full cache miss', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatUser(id, 1, 100)).toBe('100');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to uid when only uid is available', () => {
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatUser(id, undefined, 0, 'u_abc')).toBe('u_abc');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('formatMessageSegments', () => {
+  it('renders text segments and truncates beyond 50 chars', () => {
+    const long = 'a'.repeat(80);
+    expect(formatMessageSegments([{ type: 'text', data: { text: long } }]))
+      .toBe(`${'a'.repeat(50)}...`);
+  });
+
+  it('handles known media types and at/reply', () => {
+    const out = formatMessageSegments([
+      { type: 'text', data: { text: 'hi' } },
+      { type: 'image', data: {} },
+      { type: 'at', data: { qq: 12345 } },
+      { type: 'at', data: { qq: 'all' } },
+      { type: 'reply', data: { id: 999 } },
+      { type: 'face', data: {} },
+      { type: 'video', data: {} },
+      { type: 'record', data: {} },
+    ]);
+    expect(out).toBe('hi [图片] @12345 @全体成员 [回复:999] [表情] [视频] [语音]');
+  });
+
+  it('renders unknown segment types as [type]', () => {
+    expect(formatMessageSegments([{ type: 'something_new', data: {} }]))
+      .toBe('[something_new]');
+  });
+
+  it('renders a string message as text (truncated)', () => {
+    expect(formatMessageSegments('hello')).toBe('hello');
+    expect(formatMessageSegments('a'.repeat(60))).toBe(`${'a'.repeat(50)}...`);
+  });
+
+  it('returns [空消息] for empty arrays / non-array / null', () => {
+    expect(formatMessageSegments([])).toBe('[空消息]');
+    expect(formatMessageSegments(null as any)).toBe('[空消息]');
+    expect(formatMessageSegments({} as any)).toBe('[空消息]');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('formatReply', () => {
+  it('renders the resolved sender + body preview when the original is in the store', () => {
+    const store = fakeMessageStore({
+      42: {
+        message_type: 'group',
+        group_id: 1,
+        user_id: 100,
+        sender: { card: 'OrigSender' },
+        message: [{ type: 'text', data: { text: '早安' } }],
+      },
+    });
+    const id = fakeIdentity({ members: { '1/100': { uin: 100, card: 'OrigSender' } } });
+    expect(formatReply(store, id, 42)).toBe('[回复 [OrigSender(100)]: 早安]');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to [回复:<id>] when the original is missing', () => {
+    const store = fakeMessageStore({});
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatReply(store, id, 9999)).toBe('[回复:9999]');
+  });
+
+  it('uses the sender baked into the stored event when cache misses', () => {
+    const store = fakeMessageStore({
+      42: {
+        message_type: 'private',
+        user_id: 100,
+        sender: { nickname: 'StoredNick' },
+        message: [{ type: 'text', data: { text: 'hi' } }],
+      },
+    });
+    const id = fakeIdentity(); // no cache
+    expect(formatReply(store, id, 42)).toBe('[回复 [StoredNick(100)]: hi]');
+  });
+
+  it('truncates the body preview to 30 chars', () => {
+    const store = fakeMessageStore({
+      42: {
+        message_type: 'private',
+        user_id: 100,
+        sender: { nickname: 'X' },
+        message: [{ type: 'text', data: { text: 'a'.repeat(80) } }],
+      },
+    });
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    const out = formatReply(store, id, 42);
+    // Inner text gets truncated to 50 by formatMessageSegments, then to 30 here
+    expect(out).toContain('...');
+    expect(out.length).toBeLessThan(80);
+  });
+
+  it('returns the fallback when findEvent throws', () => {
+    const store = { findEvent: () => { throw new Error('store dead'); } } as any;
+    const id = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatReply(store, id, 42)).toBe('[回复:42]');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('formatEvent', () => {
+  const id = fakeIdentity({
+    groups: { 1: { groupName: 'Grp' } },
+    members: {
+      '1/100': { uin: 100, card: 'Alice' },
+      '1/200': { uin: 200, card: 'Bob' },
+      '1/300': { uin: 300, nickname: 'Carol' },
+    },
+    friends: {
+      500: { uin: 500, nickname: 'FriendA' },
+      600: { uin: 600, nickname: 'FriendB' },
+    },
+  });
+
+  it('returns null for kinds rendered elsewhere', () => {
+    expect(formatEvent(id, { kind: 'group_message' } as QQEventVariant)).toBeNull();
+    expect(formatEvent(id, { kind: 'friend_message' } as QQEventVariant)).toBeNull();
+    expect(formatEvent(id, { kind: 'temp_message' } as QQEventVariant)).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('renders group_recall with all three name slots', () => {
+    expect(formatEvent(id, {
+      kind: 'group_recall',
+      groupId: 1, authorUin: 100, operatorUin: 200,
+    } as QQEventVariant))
+      .toBe('群撤回 [Grp(1)] | [Alice(100)] 被 [Bob(200)] 撤回');
+  });
+
+  it('renders group_member_join with group name and joiner', () => {
+    expect(formatEvent(id, {
+      kind: 'group_member_join',
+      groupId: 1, userUin: 300, userUid: '',
+    } as QQEventVariant))
+      .toBe('入群 [Carol(300)] 加入 [Grp(1)]');
+  });
+
+  it('renders group_poke with both endpoints', () => {
+    expect(formatEvent(id, {
+      kind: 'group_poke',
+      groupId: 1, userUin: 100, targetUin: 200,
+    } as QQEventVariant))
+      .toBe('群戳 [Grp(1)] | [Alice(100)] -> [Bob(200)]');
+  });
+
+  it('renders friend_poke without group context', () => {
+    expect(formatEvent(id, {
+      kind: 'friend_poke',
+      userUin: 500, targetUin: 600,
+    } as QQEventVariant))
+      .toBe('戳一戳 [FriendA(500)] -> [FriendB(600)]');
+  });
+
+  it('degrades to numeric IDs when nothing is cached', () => {
+    const empty = fakeIdentity();
+    expect(formatEvent(empty, {
+      kind: 'group_recall',
+      groupId: 1, authorUin: 100, operatorUin: 200,
+    } as QQEventVariant))
+      .toBe('群撤回 1 | 100 被 200 撤回');
+  });
+});