fix: rename the model filter option to AI-decided

The option filters decided_by = model, which includes denials the model judge
made, so "AI-approved" was inaccurate. Approved-by-AI is the combination with
status allowed.

db/finding_retests.go

@@ -12,6 +12,19 @@ import (
 
 const FindingRetestAgentKey = "retester"
 
+// retestNoteSummaryRunes caps the retest summary copied into verification_note.
+const retestNoteSummaryRunes = 200
+
+// truncateRunes returns s trimmed to at most n runes, with an ellipsis when cut.
+func truncateRunes(s string, n int) string {
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	r := []rune(s)
+	if len(r) <= n {
+		return s
+	}
+	return string(r[:n]) + "…"
+}
+
 var ErrRetestNotRunning = errors.New("this retest has ended or has not started; please start a new retest from the finding details")
 
 // FindingRetest is an immutable historical test once its conversation turn ends.
@@ -225,17 +238,29 @@ func (d *DB) FinishFindingRetest(id int64, status, reason string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	var finalStatus, verdict string
+	var finalStatus, verdict, summary string
 	err = tx.QueryRow(`UPDATE finding_retests SET
 	status=CASE WHEN $2='completed' AND verdict='' THEN 'failed' ELSE $2 END,
 	error=CASE WHEN $2='completed' AND verdict='' THEN 'Agent did not save the retest conclusion; please review the conversation and retest again' ELSE $3 END,
-	finished_at=now() WHERE id=$1 AND status IN ('pending','running') RETURNING status,verdict`, id, status, reason).Scan(&finalStatus, &verdict)
+	finished_at=now() WHERE id=$1 AND status IN ('pending','running') RETURNING status,verdict,summary`, id, status, reason).Scan(&finalStatus, &verdict, &summary)
 	if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 		return nil // A replay must not overwrite a later manual triage decision.
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// A completed reproduced/fixed retest is an independent proof: it upgrades the
+	// machine verification state, but only from unverified / not_assessed / blocked.
+	// A verified finding keeps its POE level and note. An inconclusive, failed or
+	// stopped retest never downgrades anything; its verdict stays in finding_retests.
+	// The human disposition (status) is not touched here.
+	if finalStatus == "completed" && (verdict == "reproduced" || verdict == "fixed") {
+		note := fmt.Sprintf("retest #%d: %s — %s", id, verdict, truncateRunes(summary, retestNoteSummaryRunes))
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(`UPDATE findings SET verification_status='verified', verification_note=$2
+			WHERE id=$1 AND verification_status IN ('unverified','not_assessed','blocked')`, findingID, note); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	if finalStatus == "completed" && verdict == "fixed" {
 		// Go through the notifying version, sharing the same semantics as a
 		// manual status change on the details page.

db/finding_retests_verification_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+package db
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// runRetest drives one retest session to its terminal state with the given
+// staged verdict, using the same calls the server makes, and returns its ID.
+func runRetest(t *testing.T, d *DB, fid int64, verdict, summary, finish string) int64 {
+	t.Helper()
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	r, c, _, err := d.CreateFindingRetest(ctx, fid, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if ok, err := d.StartFindingRetest(ctx, r.ID); err != nil || !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("start retest: ok=%v err=%v", ok, err)
+	}
+	if verdict != "" {
+		if err := d.RecordFindingRetestResult(ctx, c.ID, verdict, summary, "retest evidence"); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := d.FinishFindingRetest(r.ID, finish, ""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return r.ID
+}
+
+func verificationOf(t *testing.T, d *DB, fid int64) (status string, poe int, note string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := d.QueryRow(`SELECT verification_status, poe_level, verification_note FROM findings WHERE id=$1`, fid).
+		Scan(&status, &poe, &note); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func TestRetestReproducedVerifiesUnverifiedFinding(t *testing.T) {
+	d, fid := retestDB(t)
+	runRetest(t, d, fid, "reproduced", "still exploitable with the original PoC", "completed")
+	status, _, note := verificationOf(t, d, fid)
+	if status != VerificationVerified || !strings.Contains(note, "retest") || !strings.Contains(note, "reproduced") {
+		t.Fatalf("verification after reproduced: status=%s note=%q", status, note)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRetestFixedVerifiesAndKeepsFixedStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	d, fid := retestDB(t)
+	runRetest(t, d, fid, "fixed", "payload now rejected, control still works", "completed")
+	status, _, note := verificationOf(t, d, fid)
+	if status != VerificationVerified || !strings.Contains(note, "retest") || !strings.Contains(note, "fixed") {
+		t.Fatalf("verification after fixed: status=%s note=%q", status, note)
+	}
+	f, err := d.GetFinding(fid)
+	if err != nil || f == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("get finding: %v", err)
+	}
+	if f.Status != FindingFixed {
+		t.Fatalf("human status after fixed retest = %q, want %q", f.Status, FindingFixed)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRetestInconclusiveDoesNotDowngradeVerified(t *testing.T) {
+	d, fid := retestDB(t)
+	if err := d.SetFindingVerification(fid, VerificationVerified, 3, ""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	runRetest(t, d, fid, "inconclusive", "target unreachable from the retest session", "completed")
+	status, poe, note := verificationOf(t, d, fid)
+	if status != VerificationVerified || poe != 3 || note != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("verified finding after inconclusive: status=%s poe=%d note=%q", status, poe, note)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRetestFailedOrStoppedLeavesVerificationUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, finish := range []string{"failed", "stopped"} {
+		t.Run(finish, func(t *testing.T) {
+			d, fid := retestDB(t)
+			if err := d.SetFindingVerification(fid, VerificationNotAssessed, 3, "earlier note"); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			// A verdict staged before the session was cut off must not count.
+			runRetest(t, d, fid, "reproduced", "staged before interruption", finish)
+			status, poe, note := verificationOf(t, d, fid)
+			if status != VerificationNotAssessed || poe != 3 || note != "earlier note" {
+				t.Fatalf("after %s: status=%s poe=%d note=%q", finish, status, poe, note)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRetestUpgradesFromNotAssessedAndBlocked(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, from := range []string{VerificationNotAssessed, VerificationBlocked} {
+		t.Run(from, func(t *testing.T) {
+			d, fid := retestDB(t)
+			if err := d.SetFindingVerification(fid, from, 0, ""); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			runRetest(t, d, fid, "reproduced", "reproduced on retest", "completed")
+			if status, _, _ := verificationOf(t, d, fid); status != VerificationVerified {
+				t.Fatalf("from %s after reproduced: status=%s", from, status)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

db/findings.go

@@ -154,12 +154,13 @@ func (d *DB) ListFindings(limit int) ([]*DBFinding, error) {
 // filter on that column". Sort is "severity" (severity desc, then newest) or
 // anything else (newest first).
 type FindingFilter struct {
-	Severity  string // high | medium | low
-	Status    string // pending | false_positive | ignored | resolved
-	VulnClass string
-	TaskID    string // task id (in string form; empty/invalid = do not filter by task)
-	Query     string // fuzzy search keyword over name/class/summary/evidence/report body
-	Sort      string // "severity" | "time"
+	Severity           string // high | medium | low
+	Status             string // pending | false_positive | ignored | resolved
+	VerificationStatus string // verified | unverified | blocked | not_assessed | false_positive
+	VulnClass          string
+	TaskID             string // task id (in string form; empty/invalid = do not filter by task)
+	Query              string // fuzzy search keyword over name/class/summary/evidence/report body
+	Sort               string // "severity" | "time"
 	// AssetScope is a node key of the asset tree (a:<id> / c:<id> / r:<domain> /
 	// __none__); selecting a node means selecting its whole subtree.
 	// Empty = do not filter by asset.
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ func (f FindingFilter) where() (string, []any) {
 	}
 	add("severity", f.Severity)
 	add("status", f.Status)
+	add("verification_status", f.VerificationStatus)
 	add("vulnclass", f.VulnClass)
 	// task_id is a bigint column, compared as an integer (it cannot go through
 	// the text add above); empty/invalid values are ignored.

db/intercept.go

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ type InterceptRule struct {
 }
 
 // InterceptPending is one row of intercept_pending.
+// DecidedBy is the actor that settled the request: "" while pending, otherwise
+// human | rule | model | system (timeouts and cancellations).
 type InterceptPending struct {
 	ID             int64           `json:"id"`
 	RuleID         *int64          `json:"rule_id"`
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ type InterceptPending struct {
 	ToolInput      json.RawMessage `json:"tool_input"`
 	Status         string          `json:"status"`
 	DecisionSource string          `json:"decision_source"`
+	DecidedBy      string          `json:"decided_by"`
 	Reason         string          `json:"reason"` // rule message or model decision reason (prefixed with ModelReasonPrefix)
 	DecidedAt      *time.Time      `json:"decided_at"`
 	CreatedAt      time.Time       `json:"created_at"`
@@ -163,19 +166,25 @@ func (d *DB) CreateDecidedIntercept(ruleID, convID int64, taskID, agentName, too
 	if ruleID != 0 {
 		ruleIDPtr = &ruleID
 	}
+	// Rows logged here were settled without a human: by the matching rule, or by
+	// the model judge when no rule owns the decision.
+	decidedBy := "model"
+	if ruleID != 0 {
+		decidedBy = "rule"
+	}
 	var id int64
 	err := d.QueryRow(`
-INSERT INTO intercept_pending(rule_id, conversation_id, task_id, agent_name, tool_name, tool_input, status, reason, decided_at, decision_source, audit)
-VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, NOW(), $9, $10) RETURNING id`,
-		ruleIDPtr, convIDPtr, taskIDPtr, agentName, toolName, raw, status, reason, interceptSource(ruleID, reason), firstAudit(audits)).Scan(&id)
+INSERT INTO intercept_pending(rule_id, conversation_id, task_id, agent_name, tool_name, tool_input, status, reason, decided_at, decision_source, audit, decided_by)
+VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, NOW(), $9, $10, $11) RETURNING id`,
+		ruleIDPtr, convIDPtr, taskIDPtr, agentName, toolName, raw, status, reason, interceptSource(ruleID, reason), firstAudit(audits), decidedBy).Scan(&id)
 	return id, err
 }
 
-const interceptPendingCols = `id, rule_id, conversation_id, task_id, agent_name, tool_name, tool_input, status, reason, decided_at, created_at, decision_source`
+const interceptPendingCols = `id, rule_id, conversation_id, task_id, agent_name, tool_name, tool_input, status, reason, decided_at, created_at, decision_source, decided_by`
 
 func scanInterceptPending(s interface{ Scan(...any) error }, p *InterceptPending) error {
 	return s.Scan(&p.ID, &p.RuleID, &p.ConversationID, &p.TaskID, &p.AgentName,
-		&p.ToolName, &p.ToolInput, &p.Status, &p.Reason, &p.DecidedAt, &p.CreatedAt, &p.DecisionSource)
+		&p.ToolName, &p.ToolInput, &p.Status, &p.Reason, &p.DecidedAt, &p.CreatedAt, &p.DecisionSource, &p.DecidedBy)
 }
 
 // ListPendingIntercepts returns all unresolved approval requests, newest first.
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ func scanInterceptApprovalRow(rows interface{ Scan(...any) error }, r *Intercept
 	return rows.Scan(
 		&r.ID, &r.RuleID, &r.ConversationID, &r.TaskID, &r.AgentName,
 		&r.ToolName, &r.ToolInput, &r.Status, &r.Reason, &r.DecidedAt, &r.CreatedAt,
-		&r.DecisionSource, &r.ConvTitle, &r.ConvAgentKey, &r.RuleName,
+		&r.DecisionSource, &r.DecidedBy, &r.ConvTitle, &r.ConvAgentKey, &r.RuleName,
 	)
 }
 
@@ -246,8 +255,12 @@ const approvalDecisionSource = `COALESCE(NULLIF(ip.decision_source,''), CASE
  WHEN ip.rule_id IS NOT NULL THEN 'rule'
  WHEN lower(ip.reason) LIKE '` + ModelReasonPrefix + `%' OR ip.reason LIKE '` + legacyModelReasonPrefix + `%' THEN 'model' ELSE 'unknown' END)`
 
+// decided_by is returned exactly as stored, never merged with decision_source:
+// rows decided before the column existed keep it empty, so the displayed value
+// is always the one the decided_by filter matches.
 const approvalRowColumns = `ip.id, ip.rule_id, ip.conversation_id, ip.task_id, ip.agent_name,
        ip.tool_name, ip.tool_input, ip.status, ip.reason, ip.decided_at, ip.created_at, ` + approvalDecisionSource + `,
+       ip.decided_by,
        COALESCE(c.title,'') AS conv_title,
        COALESCE(c.agent_key,'') AS conv_agent_key,
        COALESCE(ir.name,'') AS rule_name`
@@ -300,11 +313,12 @@ func (d *DB) ListAllIntercepts(limit int) ([]InterceptApprovalRow, error) {
 	return out, rows.Err()
 }
 
-// InterceptApprovalFilter combines exact status and decision-source filters.
-// Empty fields include all values.
+// InterceptApprovalFilter combines exact status, decision-source and
+// deciding-actor filters. Empty fields include all values.
 type InterceptApprovalFilter struct {
 	Status         string
 	DecisionSource string
+	DecidedBy      string
 }
 
 // ListAllInterceptsPage returns one 1-based page and the total matching count.
@@ -358,6 +372,10 @@ func (d *DB) listInterceptsPage(taskID string, page, size int, filter InterceptA
 	add("ip.task_id", taskID)
 	add("ip.status", filter.Status)
 	add(approvalDecisionSource, filter.DecisionSource)
+	// Stored actor only, the same value the rows display: deriving it from
+	// decision_source would let decided_by=model match human decisions and
+	// timeouts recorded before the column existed.
+	add("ip.decided_by", filter.DecidedBy)
 	where := ""
 	if len(conditions) > 0 {
 		where = " WHERE " + strings.Join(conditions, " AND ")

db/intercept_decided_by_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+package db
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// The actor whitelist is enforced in Go (there is no SQL CHECK). It must reject
+// before touching the database, so this runs without Postgres.
+func TestResolveInterceptRejectsUnknownActor(t *testing.T) {
+	d := &DB{}
+	for _, actor := range []string{"", "unknown", "Human", "admin"} {
+		if ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(1, "allowed", "allow", "fixture", actor); err == nil || ok {
+			t.Fatalf("decided_by %q accepted: ok=%t err=%v", actor, ok, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInterceptDecidedBy(t *testing.T) {
+	d, err := Open(testDSN(t))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = d.Close() })
+	scope := "approval-decided-by"
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _, _ = d.Exec(`DELETE FROM intercept_pending WHERE task_id=$1`, scope) })
+	rule, err := d.CreateInterceptRule("decided-by fixture", "tool_name", "string", "Bash", "deny", "fixture", 1, false, false, 0, "deny")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _, _ = d.Exec(`DELETE FROM intercept_rules WHERE id=$1`, rule.ID) })
+
+	input := []byte(`{"command":"fixture"}`)
+	decided := func(ruleID int64, status, reason string) int64 {
+		t.Helper()
+		id, err := d.CreateDecidedIntercept(ruleID, 0, scope, "test", "Bash", input, status, reason)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return id
+	}
+	asked := func() int64 {
+		t.Helper()
+		id, err := d.CreateInterceptPending(0, 0, scope, "test", "Bash", input, ModelReasonPrefix+" confirm")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return id
+	}
+	resolved := func(status, action, reason, actor string) int64 {
+		t.Helper()
+		id := asked()
+		if ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, status, action, reason, actor); err != nil || !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("resolve %s/%s: ok=%t err=%v", status, actor, ok, err)
+		}
+		return id
+	}
+
+	ruleID := decided(rule.ID, "denied", "fixture")
+	modelID := decided(0, "allowed", ModelReasonPrefix+" fixture")
+	pendingID := asked()
+	humanAllowID := resolved("allowed", "allow", "user approved execution", "human")
+	humanDenyID := resolved("denied", "deny", "user rejected execution", "human")
+	timeoutID := resolved("timeout", "deny", "approval timed out, applying timeout policy", "system")
+	// A cancellation is a system refusal even though its status is 'denied'.
+	cancelledID := resolved("denied", "deny", "work cancelled", "system")
+
+	want := map[int64]string{
+		ruleID: "rule", modelID: "model", pendingID: "",
+		humanAllowID: "human", humanDenyID: "human",
+		timeoutID: "system", cancelledID: "system",
+	}
+	for id, actor := range want {
+		stored, err := d.GetInterceptPending(id)
+		if err != nil || stored == nil || stored.DecidedBy != actor {
+			t.Fatalf("stored decided_by for %d: %+v err=%v, want %q", id, stored, err, actor)
+		}
+		detail, err := d.GetInterceptDetail(id)
+		if err != nil || detail == nil || detail.DecidedBy != actor {
+			t.Fatalf("detail decided_by for %d: %+v err=%v, want %q", id, detail, err, actor)
+		}
+	}
+	rows, err := d.ListTaskIntercepts(scope)
+	if err != nil || len(rows) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("list: %d rows err=%v", len(rows), err)
+	}
+	for _, r := range rows {
+		if r.DecidedBy != want[r.ID] {
+			t.Fatalf("listed decided_by for %d = %q, want %q", r.ID, r.DecidedBy, want[r.ID])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// A rejected actor must leave the request pending and unattributed.
+	if ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "allowed", "allow", "fixture", "admin"); err == nil || ok {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid actor resolved the request: ok=%t err=%v", ok, err)
+	}
+	if p, err := d.GetInterceptPending(pendingID); err != nil || p.Status != "pending" || p.DecidedBy != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("pending row changed: %+v err=%v", p, err)
+	}
+
+	filtered := func(filter InterceptApprovalFilter) []int64 {
+		t.Helper()
+		rows, total, err := d.ListTaskInterceptsPage(scope, 1, 100, filter)
+		if err != nil || total != len(rows) {
+			t.Fatalf("filter %+v: total=%d rows=%d err=%v", filter, total, len(rows), err)
+		}
+		ids := []int64{}
+		for _, r := range rows {
+			ids = append(ids, r.ID)
+		}
+		slices.Sort(ids)
+		return ids
+	}
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		filter InterceptApprovalFilter
+		want   []int64
+	}{
+		// Neither the human decisions nor the timeout of a model-raised ask.
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{DecidedBy: "model"}, []int64{modelID}},
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{DecidedBy: "rule"}, []int64{ruleID}},
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{DecidedBy: "human"}, []int64{humanAllowID, humanDenyID}},
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{DecidedBy: "system"}, []int64{timeoutID, cancelledID}},
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{Status: "denied", DecidedBy: "human"}, []int64{humanDenyID}},
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{Status: "denied", DecidedBy: "system"}, []int64{cancelledID}},
+		{InterceptApprovalFilter{DecidedBy: "human' OR 1=1 --"}, []int64{}},
+	} {
+		if got := filtered(tc.filter); !slices.Equal(got, tc.want) {
+			t.Fatalf("filter %+v: got %v want %v", tc.filter, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Rows decided before the column existed: decided_by stays empty everywhere it
+	// is read, decision_source keeps its own column, nothing is rewritten, and no
+	// decided_by filter matches them.
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`UPDATE intercept_pending SET decided_by='' WHERE id IN ($1,$2,$3)`, ruleID, modelID, timeoutID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	legacy := map[int64]string{ruleID: "rule", modelID: "model", timeoutID: "model"}
+	for id, source := range legacy {
+		detail, err := d.GetInterceptDetail(id)
+		if err != nil || detail == nil || detail.DecidedBy != "" || detail.DecisionSource != source {
+			t.Fatalf("legacy detail for %d: %+v err=%v, want decided_by \"\" and decision_source %q", id, detail, err, source)
+		}
+		stored, err := d.GetInterceptPending(id)
+		if err != nil || stored == nil || stored.DecidedBy != "" {
+			t.Fatalf("legacy row %d rewritten: %+v err=%v", id, stored, err)
+		}
+	}
+	rows, err = d.ListTaskIntercepts(scope)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, r := range rows {
+		if source, ok := legacy[r.ID]; ok && (r.DecidedBy != "" || r.DecisionSource != source) {
+			t.Fatalf("legacy list row %d: decided_by=%q decision_source=%q, want \"\" and %q", r.ID, r.DecidedBy, r.DecisionSource, source)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, actor := range []string{"human", "rule", "model", "system"} {
+		for _, id := range filtered(InterceptApprovalFilter{DecidedBy: actor}) {
+			if _, ok := legacy[id]; ok {
+				t.Fatalf("legacy row %d matched decided_by=%s", id, actor)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// decision_source still finds them through its own filter.
+	if got := filtered(InterceptApprovalFilter{DecisionSource: "rule"}); !slices.Contains(got, ruleID) {
+		t.Fatalf("legacy rule row missing from decision_source=rule: %v", got)
+	}
+}

db/intercept_detail.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package db
 import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ func (d *DB) GetInterceptDetail(id int64) (*InterceptDetail, error) {
 	err := d.QueryRow(approvalRowSelectWithAudit+` WHERE ip.id=$1`, id).Scan(
 		&out.ID, &out.RuleID, &out.ConversationID, &out.TaskID, &out.AgentName,
 		&out.ToolName, &out.ToolInput, &out.Status, &out.Reason, &out.DecidedAt, &out.CreatedAt,
-		&out.DecisionSource, &out.ConvTitle, &out.ConvAgentKey, &out.RuleName, &raw,
+		&out.DecisionSource, &out.DecidedBy, &out.ConvTitle, &out.ConvAgentKey, &out.RuleName, &raw,
 	)
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -73,7 +74,14 @@ func (d *DB) GetInterceptDetail(id int64) (*InterceptDetail, error) {
 
 // ResolveIntercept atomically settles a pending request. A timeout cannot
 // overwrite a human decision and repeat decisions cannot rewrite history.
-func (d *DB) ResolveIntercept(id int64, status, action, reason string) (bool, error) {
+// decidedBy records the settling actor (human | rule | model | system); it is
+// supplied by the caller because status alone cannot tell them apart.
+func (d *DB) ResolveIntercept(id int64, status, action, reason, decidedBy string) (bool, error) {
+	switch decidedBy {
+	case "human", "rule", "model", "system":
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("decided_by must be human, rule, model or system, got %q", decidedBy)
+	}
 	execution := "not_executed"
 	if action == "allow" {
 		execution = "awaiting_result"
@@ -84,11 +92,11 @@ func (d *DB) ResolveIntercept(id int64, status, action, reason string) (bool, er
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
-	r, err := d.Exec(`UPDATE intercept_pending SET status=$2, decided_at=NOW(),
+	r, err := d.Exec(`UPDATE intercept_pending SET status=$2, decided_at=NOW(), decided_by=$5,
 		audit=CASE WHEN audit IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE audit || $3::jsonb ||
         CASE WHEN $4='allow' AND audit->>'correlation' IS DISTINCT FROM 'exact'
         THEN '{"execution_status":"unknown"}'::jsonb ELSE '{}'::jsonb END END
-        WHERE id=$1 AND status='pending'`, id, status, patch, action)
+        WHERE id=$1 AND status='pending'`, id, status, patch, action, decidedBy)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}

db/intercept_detail_test.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func TestInterceptDetails(t *testing.T) {
 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
 		for range 8 {
 			wg.Go(func() {
-				ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "allowed", "allow", "allowed manually")
+				ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "allowed", "allow", "allowed manually", "human")
 				if err != nil {
 					t.Error(err)
 				}
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestInterceptDetails(t *testing.T) {
 		if wins.Load() != 1 {
 			t.Fatalf("%d decisions won", wins.Load())
 		}
-		ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "timeout", "deny", "late timeout")
+		ok, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "timeout", "deny", "late timeout", "system")
 		if err != nil || ok {
 			t.Fatal("timeout overwrote decision")
 		}
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func TestInterceptDetails(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	t.Run("denied output and timeout allow", func(t *testing.T) {
 		id := create(t, &InterceptAudit{RunID: "run", ToolUseID: "call", ExecutionStatus: "not_started"})
-		if _, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "denied", "deny", "denied manually"); err != nil {
+		if _, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "denied", "deny", "denied manually", "human"); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 		if err := d.CompleteIntercept(id, "run", "call", "failed", "Blocked by hook", false); err != nil {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func TestInterceptDetails(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal("denial presented as executed")
 		}
 		id = create(t, &InterceptAudit{RunID: "run2", ToolUseID: "call2", Correlation: "exact", InitialAction: "ask"})
-		if _, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "timeout", "allow", "timeout allow"); err != nil {
+		if _, err := d.ResolveIntercept(id, "timeout", "allow", "timeout allow", "system"); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 		if err := d.CompleteIntercept(id, "run2", "call2", "succeeded", "ok", false); err != nil {
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ func TestInterceptDetails(t *testing.T) {
 			if legacy {
 				delete(row, "audit")
 				delete(row, "decision_source")
+				delete(row, "decided_by")
 			}
 			archived, _ := json.Marshal([]map[string]any{row})
 			tx, err := d.Begin()
@@ -139,13 +140,14 @@ func TestInterceptDetails(t *testing.T) {
 			if err := restoreInterceptRows(tx, archived); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("legacy=%t: %v", legacy, err)
 			}
-			var status, source string
+			var status, source, decidedBy string
 			var auditJSON []byte
-			if err := tx.QueryRow(`SELECT status, decision_source, audit FROM intercept_pending WHERE id=$1`, id).Scan(&status, &source, &auditJSON); err != nil {
+			if err := tx.QueryRow(`SELECT status, decision_source, decided_by, audit FROM intercept_pending WHERE id=$1`, id).Scan(&status, &source, &decidedBy, &auditJSON); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
-			if status != "timeout" || source != "model" {
-				t.Fatalf("restored %s/%s", status, source)
+			// The restore itself times the request out: a system decision.
+			if status != "timeout" || source != "model" || decidedBy != "system" {
+				t.Fatalf("restored %s/%s/%s", status, source, decidedBy)
 			}
 			if legacy && len(auditJSON) > 0 {
 				t.Fatal("fabricated legacy audit")

db/schema.sql

@@ -1108,6 +1108,10 @@ UPDATE intercept_pending SET decision_source=CASE WHEN rule_id IS NOT NULL THEN
 UPDATE intercept_pending SET decision_source='model'
  WHERE decision_source='unknown' AND rule_id IS NULL
    AND (reason LIKE '[model]%' OR reason LIKE '[模型]%');
+-- Actor that settled the request: '' (pending, or decided before this column
+-- existed) | human | rule | model | system. No backfill: readers fall back to
+-- decision_source for legacy rows instead of rewriting history.
+ALTER TABLE intercept_pending ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS decided_by TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '';
 
 -- =====================================================================
 -- L. Finding persistence

db/task_archives_restore.go

@@ -682,8 +682,13 @@ func restoreInterceptRows(tx *sql.Tx, raw json.RawMessage) error {
 			}
 			row["decision_source"] = source
 		}
+		// Archives predating decided_by lack this NOT NULL column too.
+		if row["decided_by"] == nil {
+			row["decided_by"] = ""
+		}
 		if status, _ := row["status"].(string); status == "pending" {
 			row["status"] = "timeout"
+			row["decided_by"] = "system"
 			row["reason"] = "approval timed out while the task was archived"
 			row["decided_at"] = time.Now().UTC()
 			if audit, ok := row["audit"].(map[string]any); ok {

intercept/intercept.go

@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ func (i *Interceptor) HandleAsk(ctx context.Context, convID int64, dec Decision,
 		case allowed := <-ch:
 			return allowed
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			_, _ = i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "denied", "deny", "work cancelled")
+			_, _ = i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "denied", "deny", "work cancelled", "system")
 			_ = i.db.CompleteIntercept(pendingID, audit.RunID, audit.ToolUseID, "not_executed", "work cancelled before execution", false)
 			return false
 		}
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ func (i *Interceptor) HandleAsk(ctx context.Context, convID int64, dec Decision,
 		if allowed {
 			action = "allow"
 		}
-		resolved, err := i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "timeout", action, "approval timed out, applying timeout policy")
+		resolved, err := i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "timeout", action, "approval timed out, applying timeout policy", "system")
 		if err != nil {
 			return false
 		}
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ func (i *Interceptor) HandleAsk(ctx context.Context, convID int64, dec Decision,
 		}
 		return allowed
 	case <-ctx.Done():
-		_, _ = i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "denied", "deny", "work cancelled")
+		_, _ = i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, "denied", "deny", "work cancelled", "system")
 		_ = i.db.CompleteIntercept(pendingID, audit.RunID, audit.ToolUseID, "not_executed", "work cancelled before execution", false)
 		return false
 	}
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ func (i *Interceptor) Decide(pendingID int64, allowed bool) error {
 	if allowed {
 		action, reason = "allow", "user approved execution"
 	}
-	resolved, err := i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, status, action, reason)
+	resolved, err := i.db.ResolveIntercept(pendingID, status, action, reason, "human")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

server/findings_groups.go

@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ func findingPaginationParam(raw string, fallback, upperBound int) int {
 // query string. The list / grouping / asset tree / export all share one parsing path; new filter options only change here.
 func findingFilterFromQuery(q url.Values) db.FindingFilter {
 	return db.FindingFilter{
-		Severity:  normFilter(q.Get("severity")),
-		Status:    normFilter(q.Get("status")),
-		VulnClass: normFilter(q.Get("vulnclass")),
+		Severity:           normFilter(q.Get("severity")),
+		Status:             normFilter(q.Get("status")),
+		VerificationStatus: normFilter(q.Get("verification_status")),
+		VulnClass:          normFilter(q.Get("vulnclass")),
 		// task_id (independent of the task param, which switches to the per-task-node branch): filters the global table by task.
 		TaskID:     normFilter(q.Get("task_id")),
 		Query:      q.Get("q"),

server/intercept.go

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func (s *Server) interceptHistory(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 }
 
 func interceptFilterParams(q url.Values) (db.InterceptApprovalFilter, error) {
-	filter := db.InterceptApprovalFilter{Status: q.Get("status"), DecisionSource: q.Get("decision_source")}
+	filter := db.InterceptApprovalFilter{Status: q.Get("status"), DecisionSource: q.Get("decision_source"), DecidedBy: q.Get("decided_by")}
 	switch filter.Status {
 	case "", "pending", "allowed", "denied", "timeout":
 	default:
@@ -332,6 +332,11 @@ func interceptFilterParams(q url.Values) (db.InterceptApprovalFilter, error) {
 	default:
 		return filter, fmt.Errorf("decision_source must be model, rule or unknown")
 	}
+	switch filter.DecidedBy {
+	case "", "human", "rule", "model", "system":
+	default:
+		return filter, fmt.Errorf("decided_by must be human, rule, model or system")
+	}
 	return filter, nil
 }
 

server/intercept_decided_by_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Autumn-27/artex/db"
+	"github.com/Autumn-27/artex/intercept"
+)
+
+// Pure parameter validation: runs without Postgres.
+func TestInterceptFilterParamsDecidedBy(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, actor := range []string{"", "human", "rule", "model", "system"} {
+		filter, err := interceptFilterParams(url.Values{"decided_by": {actor}})
+		if err != nil || filter.DecidedBy != actor {
+			t.Fatalf("decided_by=%q: %+v err=%v", actor, filter, err)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, actor := range []string{"invalid", "MODEL", "unknown", "human' OR 1=1 --"} {
+		if _, err := interceptFilterParams(url.Values{"decided_by": {actor}}); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("decided_by=%q accepted", actor)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Drives every real writer (rule/model log, HTTP decide, timeout, cancellation)
+// and reads the actor back through the HTTP lists.
+func TestInterceptDecidedByHTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	dsn, _, err := db.DSN()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("no test database configured")
+	}
+	d, err := db.Open(dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = d.Close() })
+	m := &Manager{pg: d, interceptor: intercept.New(d)}
+	s := &Server{m: m, jwtKey: []byte("approval-decided-by-test-key")}
+	h := s.Handler()
+	token, err := signJWT(s.jwtKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	scope := "approval-http-decided-by"
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _, _ = d.Exec(`DELETE FROM intercept_pending WHERE task_id=$1`, scope) })
+	rule, err := d.CreateInterceptRule("decided-by http fixture", "tool_name", "string", "Bash", "deny", "fixture", 1, false, false, 0, "deny")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _, _ = d.Exec(`DELETE FROM intercept_rules WHERE id=$1`, rule.ID) })
+	do := func(method, path, body string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+		req := httptest.NewRequest(method, path, strings.NewReader(body))
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		h.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+		return rec
+	}
+
+	// Every step below adds exactly one row to the scope; added returns it.
+	want := map[int64]string{}
+	added := func(actor, status string) int64 {
+		t.Helper()
+		rows, err := d.ListTaskIntercepts(scope)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		for _, r := range rows {
+			if _, known := want[r.ID]; known {
+				continue
+			}
+			if r.Status != status {
+				t.Fatalf("new row %d has status %q, want %q", r.ID, r.Status, status)
+			}
+			want[r.ID] = actor
+			return r.ID
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("no new row for %s/%s", actor, status)
+		return 0
+	}
+	ctx := intercept.WithTaskContext(context.Background(), scope, "test", nil)
+	input := []byte(`{"command":"fixture"}`)
+	modelAsk := intercept.Decision{Action: "ask", Message: db.ModelReasonPrefix + " confirm"}
+
+	m.interceptor.Log(ctx, 0, intercept.Decision{Action: "deny", RuleID: rule.ID, Message: "fixture"}, "Bash", input, "denied")
+	ruleID := added("rule", "denied")
+	m.interceptor.Log(ctx, 0, intercept.Decision{Action: "allow", Message: db.ModelReasonPrefix + " fixture"}, "Bash", input, "allowed")
+	modelID := added("model", "allowed")
+
+	for _, decision := range []string{"allowed", "denied"} {
+		id, err := d.CreateInterceptPending(0, 0, scope, "test", "Bash", input, modelAsk.Message)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if r := do(http.MethodPost, fmt.Sprintf("/api/intercept/pending/%d/decide", id), `{"decision":"`+decision+`"}`); r.Code != 200 {
+			t.Fatalf("decide %s: %d %s", decision, r.Code, r.Body.String())
+		}
+		if got := added("human", decision); got != id {
+			t.Fatalf("decided row %d, want %d", got, id)
+		}
+	}
+
+	timed := modelAsk
+	timed.TimeoutEnabled, timed.TimeoutSeconds, timed.TimeoutAction = true, 1, "deny"
+	if m.interceptor.HandleAsk(ctx, 0, timed, "Bash", input) {
+		t.Fatal("timeout policy deny allowed the call")
+	}
+	added("system", "timeout")
+
+	// Work cancelled: a system refusal recorded with status 'denied', on both
+	// the no-timeout and the timeout-armed wait.
+	cancelled, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	cancel()
+	if m.interceptor.HandleAsk(cancelled, 0, modelAsk, "Bash", input) {
+		t.Fatal("cancelled ask allowed the call")
+	}
+	added("system", "denied")
+	timed.TimeoutSeconds = 60
+	if m.interceptor.HandleAsk(cancelled, 0, timed, "Bash", input) {
+		t.Fatal("cancelled timed ask allowed the call")
+	}
+	added("system", "denied")
+
+	if _, err := d.CreateInterceptPending(0, 0, scope, "test", "Bash", input, modelAsk.Message); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	added("", "pending")
+
+	type item struct {
+		ID        int64   `json:"id"`
+		Status    string  `json:"status"`
+		DecidedBy *string `json:"decided_by"`
+	}
+	list := func(path string) (items []item, total int) {
+		t.Helper()
+		rec := do(http.MethodGet, path, "")
+		var body struct {
+			Items []item `json:"items"`
+			Total int    `json:"total"`
+		}
+		if rec.Code != 200 || json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &body) != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %d %s", path, rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
+		}
+		for _, it := range body.Items {
+			if it.DecidedBy == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("%s: item %d has no decided_by field", path, it.ID)
+			}
+		}
+		return body.Items, body.Total
+	}
+	task := "/api/intercept/task/" + scope
+	items, total := list(task)
+	if total != len(want) || len(items) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("task list: total=%d items=%d want=%d", total, len(items), len(want))
+	}
+	for _, it := range items {
+		if *it.DecidedBy != want[it.ID] {
+			t.Fatalf("item %d (%s) decided_by=%q, want %q", it.ID, it.Status, *it.DecidedBy, want[it.ID])
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		query string
+		total int
+	}{
+		{"?decided_by=model", 1},
+		{"?decided_by=rule", 1},
+		{"?decided_by=human", 2},
+		{"?decided_by=system", 3},
+		{"?status=denied&decided_by=human", 1},
+		{"?status=denied&decided_by=system", 2},
+		{"?status=timeout&decided_by=model", 0},
+	} {
+		items, total := list(task + tc.query)
+		if total != tc.total || len(items) != tc.total {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: total=%d items=%d want=%d", tc.query, total, len(items), tc.total)
+		}
+		for _, it := range items {
+			if !strings.Contains(tc.query, "decided_by="+*it.DecidedBy) {
+				t.Fatalf("%s returned item %d decided by %q", tc.query, it.ID, *it.DecidedBy)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if items, _ := list(task + "?decided_by=model"); len(items) != 1 || items[0].ID != modelID {
+		t.Fatalf("decided_by=model returned %+v, want only %d", items, modelID)
+	}
+	// The global history holds other tests' rows too: none of this test's human,
+	// rule or system decisions may surface under decided_by=model.
+	items, _ = list("/api/intercept/history?size=100&decided_by=model")
+	for _, it := range items {
+		if actor, mine := want[it.ID]; *it.DecidedBy != "model" || mine && actor != "model" {
+			t.Fatalf("history decided_by=model returned item %d (%s) decided by %q", it.ID, it.Status, *it.DecidedBy)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, base := range []string{"/api/intercept/history", task} {
+		for _, query := range []string{"?decided_by=invalid", "?decided_by=MODEL", "?decided_by=unknown", "?page=1&decided_by=human%27+OR+1%3D1--"} {
+			if rec := do(http.MethodGet, base+query, ""); rec.Code != 400 {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid filter %s%s: %d %s", base, query, rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// A row decided before the column existed keeps an empty decided_by; its
+	// decision_source stays in its own field and no decided_by filter returns it.
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`UPDATE intercept_pending SET decided_by='' WHERE id=$1`, ruleID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rec := do(http.MethodGet, fmt.Sprintf("/api/intercept/history/%d", ruleID), "")
+	var legacy struct {
+		DecidedBy      *string `json:"decided_by"`
+		DecisionSource string  `json:"decision_source"`
+	}
+	if rec.Code != 200 || json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &legacy) != nil ||
+		legacy.DecidedBy == nil || *legacy.DecidedBy != "" || legacy.DecisionSource != "rule" {
+		t.Fatalf("legacy detail: %d %s", rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
+	}
+	if items, total := list(task + "?decided_by=rule"); total != 0 || len(items) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("legacy row matched decided_by=rule: %+v", items)
+	}
+	items, _ = list(task + "?decision_source=rule")
+	if len(items) != 1 || items[0].ID != ruleID || *items[0].DecidedBy != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("legacy row under decision_source=rule: %+v", items)
+	}
+}

web/src/app/(main)/function/findings/_components/findings-table.tsx

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from "@/components/ui/select";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
 import { Table, TableBody, TableCell, TableHead, TableHeader, TableRow } from "@/components/ui/table";
-import { statusMeta } from "@/lib/status";
-import type { ActiveFindingRetest, Finding, FindingStatus, Severity } from "@/lib/types";
+import { statusMeta, type Tone, toneClasses } from "@/lib/status";
+import type { ActiveFindingRetest, Finding, FindingStatus, Severity, VerificationStatus } from "@/lib/types";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 
 export const SEVERITIES: Severity[] = ["critical", "high", "medium", "low"];
@@ -54,6 +54,45 @@ export const FINDING_STATUSES: FindingStatus[] = [
   "risk_accepted",
 ];
 
+export const VERIFICATION_STATUSES: VerificationStatus[] = [
+  "verified",
+  "unverified",
+  "blocked",
+  "not_assessed",
+  "false_positive",
+];
+
+// Verification outcome → label/tone, on the same tone tokens StatusBadge uses.
+export const VERIFICATION_META: Record<VerificationStatus, { label: string; tone: Tone }> = {
+  verified: { label: "Verified", tone: "green" },
+  unverified: { label: "Unverified", tone: "slate" },
+  blocked: { label: "Blocked", tone: "amber" },
+  not_assessed: { label: "Not assessed", tone: "red" },
+  false_positive: { label: "False positive", tone: "neutral" },
+};
+
+// VerificationBadge shows the automated verification outcome ("Verified L3" when a
+// proof-of-exploitation level is declared). It renders nothing when the finding carries
+// no verification status (in-task nodes, payloads from before the column existed).
+export function VerificationBadge({ finding }: { finding: Pick<Finding, "verification_status" | "poe_level"> }) {
+  const meta = finding.verification_status ? VERIFICATION_META[finding.verification_status] : undefined;
+  if (!meta) return null;
+  const label =
+    finding.verification_status === "verified" && finding.poe_level
+      ? `${meta.label} L${finding.poe_level}`
+      : meta.label;
+  return (
+    <span
+      className={cn(
+        "inline-flex w-fit items-center whitespace-nowrap rounded-md border px-2 py-0.5 font-medium text-xs",
+        toneClasses[meta.tone],
+      )}
+    >
+      {label}
+    </span>
+  );
+}
+
 export const UNASSIGNED_TASK = "__unassigned__";
 
 // Inline edit buffer: the expanded row's name/category/severity.
@@ -213,7 +252,10 @@ export function FindingsTable({
                       <span className="truncate font-medium">{f.name || f.vulnclass || "Uncategorized"}</span>
                     )}
                     <span className="truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{f.summary}</span>
-                    <Badge variant="outline">Traffic evidence: {f.traffic_count ?? 0}</Badge>
+                    <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1">
+                      <Badge variant="outline">Traffic evidence: {f.traffic_count ?? 0}</Badge>
+                      <VerificationBadge finding={f} />
+                    </div>
                   </div>
                 </TableCell>
                 <TableCell>

web/src/app/(main)/function/findings/detail/page.tsx

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import { api } from "@/lib/api";
 import { statusMeta } from "@/lib/status";
 import type { Finding, FindingStatus, Severity } from "@/lib/types";
 
+import { VerificationBadge } from "../_components/findings-table";
 import { FindingLineageView } from "./lineage";
 
 const SEVERITIES: Severity[] = ["critical", "high", "medium", "low"];
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ function FindingDetailInner() {
           <Separator orientation="vertical" className="mx-1 h-4" />
           <StatusBadge domain="severity" value={finding.severity} dot />
           <StatusBadge domain="finding" value={finding.status} dot />
+          <VerificationBadge finding={finding} />
           {finding.inherited && finding.source_task_id && (
             <Badge variant="outline">Source task #{finding.source_task_id} · read-only</Badge>
           )}
@@ -272,6 +274,18 @@ function FindingDetailInner() {
                   )}
                 </FieldRow>
 
+                {/* Verification: automated outcome; the note explains any state other than verified */}
+                {finding.verification_status && (
+                  <FieldRow label="Verification">
+                    <VerificationBadge finding={finding} />
+                    {finding.verification_status !== "verified" && finding.verification_note?.trim() && (
+                      <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words text-muted-foreground text-xs">
+                        {finding.verification_note}
+                      </p>
+                    )}
+                  </FieldRow>
+                )}
+
                 {/* Vulnerability type */}
                 <FieldRow label="Vulnerability type">
                   {finding.vulnclass ? (

web/src/app/(main)/function/findings/page.tsx

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ import type {
   FindingStats,
   FindingStatus,
   Severity,
+  VerificationStatus,
 } from "@/lib/types";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 
@@ -63,6 +64,8 @@ import {
   isSameFinding,
   SEVERITIES,
   UNASSIGNED_TASK,
+  VERIFICATION_META,
+  VERIFICATION_STATUSES,
 } from "./_components/findings-table";
 
 const FINDING_LIST_PREFERENCE_KEY = "artex_finding_list_preferences";
@@ -132,6 +135,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
   const [view, setView] = React.useState<FindingView>("flat");
   const [severity, setSeverity] = React.useState<"all" | Severity>("all");
   const [status, setStatus] = React.useState<"all" | FindingStatus>("all");
+  const [verificationStatus, setVerificationStatus] = React.useState<"all" | VerificationStatus>("all");
   const [vulnclass, setVulnclass] = React.useState<string>("all");
   const [task, setTask] = React.useState<string>("all");
   const [sort, setSort] = React.useState<"severity" | "time">("severity");
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
   const retestRefreshVersion = React.useRef(0);
   const [deepenDescription, setDeepenDescription] = React.useState("");
   const [deepening, setDeepening] = React.useState(false);
-  const filterFingerprint = JSON.stringify([severity, status, vulnclass, task, sort, query]);
+  const filterFingerprint = JSON.stringify([severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, task, sort, query]);
   const activeFilterFingerprint = React.useRef(filterFingerprint);
   activeFilterFingerprint.current = filterFingerprint;
 
@@ -200,6 +204,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
           view?: unknown;
           severity?: unknown;
           status?: unknown;
+          verificationStatus?: unknown;
           vulnclass?: unknown;
           task?: unknown;
           sort?: unknown;
@@ -211,6 +216,12 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
         if (parsed.status === "all" || FINDING_STATUSES.includes(parsed.status as FindingStatus)) {
           setStatus(parsed.status as "all" | FindingStatus);
         }
+        if (
+          parsed.verificationStatus === "all" ||
+          VERIFICATION_STATUSES.includes(parsed.verificationStatus as VerificationStatus)
+        ) {
+          setVerificationStatus(parsed.verificationStatus as "all" | VerificationStatus);
+        }
         if (typeof parsed.vulnclass === "string" && parsed.vulnclass) setVulnclass(parsed.vulnclass);
         if (typeof parsed.task === "string" && parsed.task) setTask(parsed.task);
         if (parsed.sort === "severity" || parsed.sort === "time") setSort(parsed.sort);
@@ -225,9 +236,9 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
     if (!preferencesHydrated) return;
     setLocalStorageValue(
       FINDING_LIST_PREFERENCE_KEY,
-      JSON.stringify({ view, severity, status, vulnclass, task, sort }),
+      JSON.stringify({ view, severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, task, sort }),
     );
-  }, [preferencesHydrated, severity, sort, status, task, view, vulnclass]);
+  }, [preferencesHydrated, severity, sort, status, task, verificationStatus, view, vulnclass]);
 
   React.useEffect(() => {
     const timer = window.setTimeout(() => setQuery(search.trim()), 300);
@@ -286,7 +297,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
       await api.exportFindings({
         format: exportFormat,
         scope: exportScope,
-        filters: { severity, status, vulnclass, task, query, sort },
+        filters: { severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, task, query, sort },
         ids: [...selectedIds],
       });
       setExportOpen(false);
@@ -326,6 +337,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
         pageSize: flatPageSize,
         severity,
         status,
+        verificationStatus,
         vulnclass,
         task,
         query,
@@ -339,7 +351,19 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
       // Polling keeps the last successful snapshot visible.
       setFlat((current) => ({ ...current, loading: false }));
     }
-  }, [activeAssetScope, filterFingerprint, flatPage, flatPageSize, severity, status, vulnclass, task, query, sort]);
+  }, [
+    activeAssetScope,
+    filterFingerprint,
+    flatPage,
+    flatPageSize,
+    severity,
+    status,
+    verificationStatus,
+    vulnclass,
+    task,
+    query,
+    sort,
+  ]);
 
   // loadAssetTree fetches the whole asset tree. The tree doesn't change with the selected node (otherwise
   // picking one would collapse it into a single chain), so no assetScope here.
@@ -349,7 +373,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
     const request = ++assetTreeRequest.current;
     setAssetTree((current) => ({ ...current, loading: true }));
     try {
-      const result = await api.findingAssetTree({ severity, status, vulnclass, task, query, sort });
+      const result = await api.findingAssetTree({ severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, task, query, sort });
       if (request !== assetTreeRequest.current || activeFilterFingerprint.current !== requestFilter) return;
       setAssetTree({
         nodes: result.nodes ?? [],
@@ -364,7 +388,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
       setAssetTree((current) => ({ ...current, loading: false }));
       toast.error(`Failed to load the asset tree: ${(e as Error).message}`);
     }
-  }, [filterFingerprint, severity, status, vulnclass, task, query, sort]);
+  }, [filterFingerprint, severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, task, query, sort]);
 
   const refreshGroups = React.useCallback(async () => {
     const requestFilter = filterFingerprint;
@@ -376,6 +400,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
         pageSize,
         severity,
         status,
+        verificationStatus,
         vulnclass,
         task,
         query,
@@ -388,7 +413,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
     } catch {
       // Polling keeps the last successful snapshot visible.
     }
-  }, [filterFingerprint, page, pageSize, severity, status, vulnclass, task, query, sort]);
+  }, [filterFingerprint, page, pageSize, severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, task, query, sort]);
 
   const loadGroup = React.useCallback(
     async (key: string, groupPage: number, groupPageSize: number) => {
@@ -413,6 +438,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
           pageSize: groupPageSize,
           severity,
           status,
+          verificationStatus,
           vulnclass,
           task: key,
           query,
@@ -447,7 +473,7 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
         }));
       }
     },
-    [filterFingerprint, severity, status, vulnclass, query, sort],
+    [filterFingerprint, severity, status, verificationStatus, vulnclass, query, sort],
   );
 
   React.useEffect(() => {
@@ -898,6 +924,23 @@ export default function FindingsPage() {
             </SelectContent>
           </Select>
 
+          <Select
+            value={verificationStatus}
+            onValueChange={(v) => setVerificationStatus(v as "all" | VerificationStatus)}
+          >
+            <SelectTrigger size="sm" className="w-48">
+              <SelectValue placeholder="Verification" />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              <SelectItem value="all">All verification states</SelectItem>
+              {VERIFICATION_STATUSES.map((st) => (
+                <SelectItem key={st} value={st}>
+                  {VERIFICATION_META[st].label}
+                </SelectItem>
+              ))}
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+
           <Select value={vulnclass} onValueChange={setVulnclass}>
             <SelectTrigger size="sm" className="w-40">
               <SelectValue placeholder="Vulnerability type" />

web/src/components/approval-records.tsx

@@ -108,6 +108,23 @@ function StatusBadge({ status }: { status: string }) {
   return <Badge variant={variant}>{labels[status] ?? status}</Badge>;
 }
 
+const decidedByLabels: Record<string, string> = { human: "Human", rule: "Rule", model: "Model", system: "System" };
+
+// decided_by is shown exactly as stored, so a row always sits under the
+// "Decided by" filter option matching its badge. A decided row without an actor
+// predates the column: it reads "Legacy" and matches no option.
+function DecidedByBadge({ row }: { row: InterceptApprovalRow }) {
+  if (row.status === "pending") return <span className="text-muted-foreground">—</span>;
+  if (!row.decided_by) {
+    return (
+      <Badge variant="outline" className="text-muted-foreground">
+        Legacy
+      </Badge>
+    );
+  }
+  return <Badge variant="outline">{decidedByLabels[row.decided_by] ?? row.decided_by}</Badge>;
+}
+
 function MatchCell({ row, showReason = true }: { row: InterceptApprovalRow; showReason?: boolean }) {
   const reason = row.reason?.replace(/^\[model\]\s*/, "");
   return (
@@ -383,6 +400,10 @@ export function ApprovalDetail({
             <dd>{fmtTime(row.created_at)}</dd>
             <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Decided at</dt>
             <dd>{fmtTime(current.decided_at)}</dd>
+            <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Decided by</dt>
+            <dd>
+              <DecidedByBadge row={current} />
+            </dd>
             {audit?.rule_name ? (
               <>
                 <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Rule snapshot</dt>
@@ -527,10 +548,10 @@ function subscribeColumns(onChange: () => void) {
 }
 function visibleColumnCount() {
   const matches = approvalBreakpoints.map((query) => window.matchMedia(query).matches);
-  return 3 + Number(matches[0]) + Number(matches[1]) + 2 * Number(matches[2]) + 2 * Number(matches[3]);
+  return 3 + Number(matches[0]) + Number(matches[1]) + 3 * Number(matches[2]) + 2 * Number(matches[3]);
 }
 function serverColumnCount() {
-  return 9;
+  return 10;
 }
 
 function ApprovalTable({
@@ -570,6 +591,7 @@ function ApprovalTable({
           <TableHead className="hidden lg:table-cell">Matched rule</TableHead>
           <TableHead className="hidden xl:table-cell">Arguments</TableHead>
           <TableHead className="w-24">Status</TableHead>
+          <TableHead className="hidden w-24 lg:table-cell">Decided by</TableHead>
           <TableHead className="hidden w-36 lg:table-cell">Requested at</TableHead>
           <TableHead className="hidden w-36 xl:table-cell">Decided at</TableHead>
         </TableRow>
@@ -623,6 +645,9 @@ function ApprovalTable({
                 <TableCell>
                   <StatusBadge status={row.status} />
                 </TableCell>
+                <TableCell className="hidden lg:table-cell">
+                  <DecidedByBadge row={row} />
+                </TableCell>
                 <TableCell className="hidden text-muted-foreground text-xs lg:table-cell">
                   {fmtTime(row.created_at)}
                 </TableCell>
@@ -663,7 +688,7 @@ export function ApprovalRecords({ taskId }: { taskId?: string }) {
   const request = React.useRef(0);
   const decisionLock = React.useRef(false);
   const filterID = React.useId();
-  const filtered = Boolean(filter.status || filter.decision_source);
+  const filtered = Boolean(filter.status || filter.decision_source || filter.decided_by);
 
   // A task can stay mounted while the user switches between task details.
   // Reset the cursor so the new scope always starts at its newest records.
@@ -749,7 +774,9 @@ export function ApprovalRecords({ taskId }: { taskId?: string }) {
       // Optimistically drop the decided item from the independent pending queue
       // for instant feedback; the re-fetch below reconciles with server truth.
       setRows((prev) =>
-        prev.map((row) => (row.id === id ? { ...row, status: decision, decided_at: new Date().toISOString() } : row)),
+        prev.map((row) =>
+          row.id === id ? { ...row, status: decision, decided_by: "human", decided_at: new Date().toISOString() } : row,
+        ),
       );
       setPendingRows((prev) => prev.filter((row) => row.id !== id));
       setRevision((v) => v + 1);
@@ -840,6 +867,31 @@ export function ApprovalRecords({ taskId }: { taskId?: string }) {
             </SelectContent>
           </Select>
         </Field>
+        <Field className="w-full sm:w-40">
+          <FieldLabel htmlFor={`${filterID}-decided-by`}>Decided by</FieldLabel>
+          <Select
+            value={filter.decided_by ?? "all"}
+            onValueChange={(value) =>
+              changeFilter({
+                ...filter,
+                decided_by: value === "all" ? undefined : (value as InterceptApprovalFilter["decided_by"]),
+              })
+            }
+          >
+            <SelectTrigger id={`${filterID}-decided-by`}>
+              <SelectValue />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              <SelectGroup>
+                <SelectItem value="all">All actors</SelectItem>
+                <SelectItem value="model">AI-decided</SelectItem>
+                <SelectItem value="human">Human</SelectItem>
+                <SelectItem value="rule">Rule</SelectItem>
+                <SelectItem value="system">System</SelectItem>
+              </SelectGroup>
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+        </Field>
         {filtered ? (
           <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => changeFilter({})}>
             Clear filters
@@ -885,7 +937,7 @@ export function ApprovalRecords({ taskId }: { taskId?: string }) {
               <EmptyTitle>{filtered ? "No approval records match the filters" : "No approval records"}</EmptyTitle>
               <EmptyDescription>
                 {filtered
-                  ? "Adjust the approval status or decision source, or clear the filters to see all records."
+                  ? "Adjust the approval status, decision source or deciding actor, or clear the filters to see all records."
                   : "Records will appear here once a rule or model makes an approval decision."}
               </EmptyDescription>
             </EmptyHeader>

web/src/lib/api.ts

@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ function findingFilterParams(q: Omit<FindingQuery, "page" | "pageSize">): URLSea
   const p = new URLSearchParams();
   if (q.severity && q.severity !== "all") p.set("severity", q.severity);
   if (q.status && q.status !== "all") p.set("status", q.status);
+  if (q.verificationStatus && q.verificationStatus !== "all") p.set("verification_status", q.verificationStatus);
   if (q.vulnclass && q.vulnclass !== "all") p.set("vulnclass", q.vulnclass);
   if (q.task && q.task !== "all") p.set("task_id", q.task);
   if (q.query?.trim()) p.set("q", q.query.trim());
@@ -230,6 +231,7 @@ function interceptPageQuery(page: number, size: number, filter: InterceptApprova
   const query = new URLSearchParams({ page: String(page), size: String(size) });
   if (filter.status) query.set("status", filter.status);
   if (filter.decision_source) query.set("decision_source", filter.decision_source);
+  if (filter.decided_by) query.set("decided_by", filter.decided_by);
   return query.toString();
 }
 

web/src/lib/mock/data.ts

@@ -3496,6 +3496,7 @@ interceptHistory.unshift({
   tool_input: { path: "reports/summary.md", content: "# Check summary\n\nThis round of verification is complete; existing evidence and follow-up suggestions are organized." },
   status: "allowed",
   decision_source: "model",
+  decided_by: "model",
   reason: "[model] Write the existing check conclusions into a local report without modifying business data.",
   created_at: T("2026-07-26T08:00:00Z"),
   decided_at: T("2026-07-26T08:00:02Z"),

web/src/lib/mock/handler.ts

@@ -2431,16 +2431,19 @@ function route(m: string, path: string, seg: string[], q: URLSearchParams, b: Re
     const decisionSource = q.get("decision_source") || "";
     if (status && !["pending", "allowed", "denied", "timeout"].includes(status)) throw new Error("invalid approval status");
     if (decisionSource && !["model", "rule", "unknown"].includes(decisionSource)) throw new Error("invalid decision source");
+    const decidedBy = q.get("decided_by") || "";
+    if (decidedBy && !["human", "rule", "model", "system"].includes(decidedBy)) throw new Error("invalid decided_by");
     const filtered = mockInterceptHistory.filter((row) => {
       const source =
         row.decision_source || (row.rule_id ? "rule" : row.reason?.startsWith("[model]") ? "model" : "unknown");
       return (
         (seg[1] !== "task" || row.task_id === decodeURIComponent(seg[2])) &&
         (!status || row.status === status) &&
-        (!decisionSource || source === decisionSource)
+        (!decisionSource || source === decisionSource) &&
+        (!decidedBy || row.decided_by === decidedBy)
       );
     });
-    if (!q.has("page") && !q.has("size") && !status && !decisionSource)
+    if (!q.has("page") && !q.has("size") && !status && !decisionSource && !decidedBy)
       return { items: filtered, total: filtered.length };
     const page = Math.max(1, Number(q.get("page")) || 1);
     const size = Math.min(100, Math.max(1, Number(q.get("size")) || 20));

web/src/lib/types.ts

@@ -481,6 +481,10 @@ export type FindingStatus =
   | "duplicate"
   | "risk_accepted";
 
+// Verification status (S1): the automated proof-of-exploitation outcome, distinct from the
+// human triage status above. "blocked" is produced by no path yet but is displayed when present.
+export type VerificationStatus = "verified" | "unverified" | "blocked" | "not_assessed" | "false_positive";
+
 // FindingAsset is an asset bound to a vulnerability (label pre-rendered by the backend).
 export interface FindingAsset {
   id: string;
@@ -493,6 +497,9 @@ export interface Finding {
   evidence_version?: number;
   report_evidence_version?: number;
   report_stale?: boolean;
+  poe_level?: number; // proof-of-exploitation level (3 or 4 when verified); 0 = none declared
+  verification_status?: VerificationStatus; // automated verification outcome (S1)
+  verification_note?: string; // why the status was reached; empty when verified
   id: string;
   finding_id?: string; // row id in the standalone findings table, the handle for status updates (may be missing for old in-task nodes)
   vulnclass: string;
@@ -575,6 +582,7 @@ export interface FindingQuery {
   pageSize: number;
   severity?: "all" | Severity;
   status?: "all" | FindingStatus;
+  verificationStatus?: "all" | VerificationStatus;
   vulnclass?: string;
   task?: string; // task id; "all"/empty = no task filter
   query?: string;
@@ -1339,6 +1347,9 @@ export interface AssetInterceptRule {
 
 export interface InterceptPending {
   decision_source?: "rule" | "model" | "unknown" | "";
+  // Actor that settled the request, exactly as stored: "" while pending and on
+  // rows decided before the column existed (shown as "Legacy").
+  decided_by?: "human" | "rule" | "model" | "system" | "";
   id: number;
   rule_id?: number;
   conversation_id?: number;
@@ -1383,6 +1394,7 @@ export interface JudgeUsage {
 export interface InterceptApprovalFilter {
   status?: InterceptPending["status"];
   decision_source?: "rule" | "model" | "unknown";
+  decided_by?: "human" | "rule" | "model" | "system";
 }
 
 // InterceptApprovalRow enriches InterceptPending with conversation/task and rule context.